Mouse GDF-15, Tag Free Protein

Hormone produced in response to various stresses to confer information about those stresses to the brain, and trigger an aversive response, characterized by nausea and/or loss of appetite. The aversive response is both required to reduce continuing exposure to those stresses at the time of exposure and to promote avoidance behavior in the future. Acts by binding to its receptor, GFRAL, activating GFRAL-expressing neurons localized in the area postrema and nucleus tractus solitarius of the brainstem. It then triggers the activation of neurons localized within the parabrachial nucleus and central amygdala, which constitutes part of the 'emergency circuit' that shapes responses to stressful conditions. The GDF15-GFRAL signal induces expression of genes involved in metabolism, such as lipid metabolism in adipose tissues. Required for avoidance behavior in response to food allergens: induced downstream of mast cell activation to promote aversion and minimize harmful effects of exposure to noxious substances. In addition to suppress appetite, also promotes weight loss by enhancing energy expenditure in muscle: acts by increasing calcium futile cycling in muscle. Contributes to the effect of metformin, an anti-diabetic drug, on appetite reduction and weight loss: produced in the kidney in response to metformin treatment, thereby activating the GDF15-GFRAL response, leading to reduced appetite and weight.