Thioredoxin (Trx) is a redox protein that is found in several species, such as bacteria, plants and mammals, and contains a conserved active site, consisting of Trp-Cys-Gly-Pro-Cys. Trx has several biological functions. It acts as a hydrogen donor for ribonucleotide reductase, which is critical for DNA synthesis, and modulates the DNA-binding activity of several transcription factors, including NFkB, AP-1, p53, TFIIIC and glucocorticoid receptor. Trx also stimulates cell growth, is an inhibitor of apoptosis and plays a role in the protection against oxidative stress. Drugs that inhibit Trx have antitumor activity, suggesting that Trx is involved in a variety of human diseases, including cancer. TrxR is a ubiquitously expressed flavoprotein that catalyzes the NADPH-dependent reduction of Trx as well as several other oxidized cellular components.
Background References
1. Masutani H. Thioredoxin-Interacting Protein in Cancer and Diabetes. Antioxid Redox Signal. 2022 May
2. Jastrząb A et al. Thioredoxin-dependent system. Application of inhibitors. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem. 2021 Dec
Sequence Similarity
Belongs to the thioredoxin family.
Post-translational Modification
In the fully reduced protein, both Cys-69 and Cys-73 are nitrosylated in response to nitric oxide (NO). When two disulfide bonds are present in the protein, only Cys-73 is nitrosylated. Cys-73 can serve as donor for nitrosylation of target proteins.; In case of infection, ubiquitinated by S.typhimurium protein slrP, leading to its degradation.
Western blot analysis of Thioredoxin on different lysates with Rabbit anti-Thioredoxin antibody (ET1703-03) at 1/5,000 dilution.
Lane 1: HeLa (Human cervical adenocarcinoma cells) cell lysate Lane 2: Hep G2 (Human liver cancer cells) cell lysate Lane 3: MCF7 (Human breast cancer cells) cell lysate Lane 4: A549 (Human lung adenocarcinoma cells) cell lysate
Lysates/proteins at 15 µg/Lane. Exposure time: 18 seconds; ECL: K1801
Blocking: 5% NFDM/TBST, 1 hour at room temperature Primary antibody: ET1703-03, 1/5,000 in primary antibody dilution buffer (K1803), overnight at 4 ℃ Secondary antibody: Goat anti-Rabbit IgG-HRP (HA1001), 1/50,000 in 5% NFDM/TBST, 1 hour at room temperature
Predicted band size: 12 kDa Observed band size: 12 kDa
Western blot analysis of Thioredoxin on PC-12 cell lysates with Rabbit anti-Thioredoxin antibody (ET1703-03) at 1/5,000 dilution.
Lysates/proteins at 15 µg/Lane. Exposure time: 18 seconds; ECL: K1801
Blocking: 5% NFDM/TBST, 1 hour at room temperature Primary antibody: ET1703-03, 1/5,000 in primary antibody dilution buffer (K1803), overnight at 4 ℃ Secondary antibody: Goat anti-Rabbit IgG-HRP (HA1001), 1/50,000 in 5% NFDM/TBST, 1 hour at room temperature
Predicted band size: 12 kDa Observed band size: 12 kDa
ICC staining of Thioredoxin in Hela cells (red). Formalin fixed cells were permeabilized with 0.1% Triton X-100 in TBS for 10 minutes at room temperature and blocked with 10% negative goat serum for 15 minutes at room temperature. Cells were probed with the primary antibody (ET1703-03, 1/50) for 1 hour at room temperature, washed with PBS. Alexa Fluor®594 conjugate-Goat anti-Rabbit IgG was used as the secondary antibody at 1/1,000 dilution. The nuclear counter stain is DAPI (blue).
ICC staining of Thioredoxin in MCF-7 cells (red). Formalin fixed cells were permeabilized with 0.1% Triton X-100 in TBS for 10 minutes at room temperature and blocked with 10% negative goat serum for 15 minutes at room temperature. Cells were probed with the primary antibody (ET1703-03, 1/50) for 1 hour at room temperature, washed with PBS. Alexa Fluor®594 conjugate-Goat anti-Rabbit IgG was used as the secondary antibody at 1/1,000 dilution. The nuclear counter stain is DAPI (blue).
ICC staining of Thioredoxin in SKOV-3 cells (red). Formalin fixed cells were permeabilized with 0.1% Triton X-100 in TBS for 10 minutes at room temperature and blocked with 10% negative goat serum for 15 minutes at room temperature. Cells were probed with the primary antibody (ET1703-03, 1/50) for 1 hour at room temperature, washed with PBS. Alexa Fluor®594 conjugate-Goat anti-Rabbit IgG was used as the secondary antibody at 1/1,000 dilution. The nuclear counter stain is DAPI (blue).
Immunohistochemical analysis of paraffin-embedded human fallopian tube tissue with Rabbit anti-Thioredoxin antibody (ET1703-03) at 1/5,000 dilution.
The section was pre-treated using heat mediated antigen retrieval with sodium citrate buffer (pH 6.0) (high pressure) for 2 minutes. The tissues were blocked in 1% BSA for 20 minutes at room temperature, washed with ddH2O and PBS, and then probed with the primary antibody (ET1703-03) at 1/5,000 dilution for 1 hour at room temperature. The detection was performed using an HRP conjugated compact polymer system. DAB was used as the chromogen. Tissues were counterstained with hematoxylin and mounted with DPX.
Immunohistochemical analysis of paraffin-embedded human uterus tissue with Rabbit anti-Thioredoxin antibody (ET1703-03) at 1/400 dilution.
The section was pre-treated using heat mediated antigen retrieval with sodium citrate buffer (pH 6.0) (high pressure) for 2 minutes. The tissues were blocked in 1% BSA for 20 minutes at room temperature, washed with ddH2O and PBS, and then probed with the primary antibody (ET1703-03) at 1/400 dilution for 1 hour at room temperature. The detection was performed using an HRP conjugated compact polymer system. DAB was used as the chromogen. Tissues were counterstained with hematoxylin and mounted with DPX.
Immunohistochemical analysis of paraffin-embedded human small intestine tissue with Rabbit anti-Thioredoxin antibody (ET1703-03) at 1/2,000 dilution.
The section was pre-treated using heat mediated antigen retrieval with sodium citrate buffer (pH 6.0) (high pressure) for 2 minutes. The tissues were blocked in 1% BSA for 20 minutes at room temperature, washed with ddH2O and PBS, and then probed with the primary antibody (ET1703-03) at 1/2,000 dilution for 1 hour at room temperature. The detection was performed using an HRP conjugated compact polymer system. DAB was used as the chromogen. Tissues were counterstained with hematoxylin and mounted with DPX.
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