Methylation at the 5'-position of cytosine is the only known naturally occurring covalent modification of the mammalian genome. DNA methylation requires the enzymatic activity of DNA 5-cytosine methyltransferase (Dnmt) proteins, which catalyze the transfer of a methyl group from S-adenosyl methionine to the 5'-position of cytosines residing in the dinucleotide CpG motif, and this methylation results in transcriptional repression of the target gene. The Dnmt enzymes are encoded by independent genes. Dnmt1 is the most abundant, and it preferentially methylates hemimethylated DNA and coordinates gene expression during development. Additional mammalian Dnmt proteins include Dnmt2 and Dnmt3. Dnmt2 lacks the large N-terminal regulator domain of Dnmt1, is expressed at substantially lower levels in adult tissues, and is likely involved in methylating newly integrated retroviral DNA. Dnmt3a and Dnmt3b are encoded by two distinct genes, but both are abundantly expressed in embryonic stem cells, where they also methylate CpG motifs on DNA.
Background References
1. Liu R et al. Dnmt1 regulates the myogenic lineage specification of muscle stem cells. Sci Rep 6:35355 (2016).
2. Chalertpet K et al. Human papillomavirus type 16 E7 oncoprotein mediates CCNA1 promoter methylation. Cancer Sci 106:1333-40 (2015).
Sequence Similarity
Belongs to the class I-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. C5-methyltransferase family.
Tissue Specificity
Ubiquitous; highly expressed in fetal tissues, heart, kidney, placenta, peripheral blood mononuclear cells, and expressed at lower levels in spleen, lung, brain, small intestine, colon, liver, and skeletal muscle. Isoform 2 is less expressed than isoform 1.
Post-translational Modification
Sumoylated; sumoylation increases activity.; Acetylation on multiple lysines, mainly by KAT2B/PCAF, regulates cell cycle G(2)/M transition. Deacetylation of Lys-1349 and Lys-1415 by SIRT1 increases methyltransferase activity.; Phosphorylation of Ser-154 by CDKs is important for enzymatic activity and protein stability. Phosphorylation of Ser-143 by AKT1 prevents methylation by SETD7 therebye increasing DNMT1 stability.; Methylation at Lys-142 by SETD7 promotes DNMT1 proteasomal degradation.; Ubiquitinated by UHRF1; interaction with USP7 counteracts ubiquitination by UHRF1 by promoting deubiquitination and preventing degradation by the proteasome.
Western blot analysis of DNMT1 on different lysates with Rabbit anti-DNMT1 antibody (ET1702-77) at 1/1,000 dilution.
Lane 1: HEK-293 cell lysate Lane 2: HepG2 cell lysate Lane 3: F9 cell lysate Lane 4: C6 cell lysate
Lysates/proteins at 20 µg/Lane.
Predicted band size: 183 kDa Observed band size: 183 kDa
Exposure time: 1 minute; ECL: K1801;
4-20% SDS-PAGE gel.
Proteins were transferred to a PVDF membrane and blocked with 5% NFDM/TBST for 1 hour at room temperature. The primary antibody (ET1702-77) at 1/1,000 dilution was used in 5% NFDM/TBST at 4℃ overnight. Goat Anti-Rabbit IgG - HRP Secondary Antibody (HA1001) at 1/50,000 dilution was used for 1 hour at room temperature.
Immunocytochemistry analysis of HepG2 cells labeling DNMT1 with Rabbit anti-DNMT1 antibody (ET1702-77) at 1/100 dilution.
Cells were fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde for 20 minutes at room temperature, permeabilized with 0.1% Triton X-100 in PBS for 5 minutes at room temperature, then blocked with 1% BSA in 10% negative goat serum for 1 hour at room temperature. Cells were then incubated with Rabbit anti-DNMT1 antibody (ET1702-77) at 1/100 dilution in 1% BSA in PBST overnight at 4 ℃. Goat Anti-Rabbit IgG H&L (iFluor™ 488, HA1121) was used as the secondary antibody at 1/1,000 dilution. PBS instead of the primary antibody was used as the secondary antibody only control. Nuclear DNA was labelled in blue with DAPI.
Beta tubulin (M1305-2, red) was stained at 1/100 dilution overnight at +4℃. Goat Anti-Mouse IgG H&L (iFluor™ 594, HA1126) was used as the secondary antibody at 1/1,000 dilution.
Immunocytochemistry analysis of F9 cells labeling DNMT1 with Rabbit anti-DNMT1 antibody (ET1702-77) at 1/100 dilution.
Cells were fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde for 15 minutes at room temperature, permeabilized with 0.1% Triton X-100 in PBS for 15 minutes at room temperature, then blocked with 1% BSA in 10% negative goat serum for 1 hour at room temperature. Cells were then incubated with Rabbit anti-DNMT1 antibody (ET1702-77) at 1/100 dilution in 1% BSA in PBST overnight at 4 ℃. Goat Anti-Rabbit IgG H&L (iFluor™ 488, HA1121) was used as the secondary antibody at 1/1,000 dilution. PBS instead of the primary antibody was used as the secondary antibody only control. Nuclear DNA was labelled in blue with DAPI.
Beta tubulin (HA601187, red) was stained at 1/100 dilution overnight at +4℃. Goat Anti-Mouse IgG H&L (iFluor™ 594, HA1126) was used as the secondary antibody at 1/1,000 dilution.
Immunohistochemical analysis of paraffin-embedded human lymph nodes tissue with Rabbit anti-DNMT1 antibody (ET1702-77) at 1/200 dilution.
The section was pre-treated using heat mediated antigen retrieval with sodium citrate buffer (pH 6.0) (high pressure) for 2 minutes. The tissues were blocked in 1% BSA for 20 minutes at room temperature, washed with ddH2O and PBS, and then probed with the primary antibody (ET1702-77) at 1/200 dilution for 1 hour at room temperature. The detection was performed using an HRP conjugated compact polymer system. DAB was used as the chromogen. Tissues were counterstained with hematoxylin and mounted with DPX.
Immunohistochemical analysis of paraffin-embedded human stomach tissue with Rabbit anti-DNMT1 antibody (ET1702-77) at 1/200 dilution.
The section was pre-treated using heat mediated antigen retrieval with sodium citrate buffer (pH 6.0) (high pressure) for 2 minutes. The tissues were blocked in 1% BSA for 20 minutes at room temperature, washed with ddH2O and PBS, and then probed with the primary antibody (ET1702-77) at 1/200 dilution for 1 hour at room temperature. The detection was performed using an HRP conjugated compact polymer system. DAB was used as the chromogen. Tissues were counterstained with hematoxylin and mounted with DPX.
Immunohistochemical analysis of paraffin-embedded mouse stomach tissue with Rabbit anti-DNMT1 antibody (ET1702-77) at 1/1,000 dilution.
The section was pre-treated using heat mediated antigen retrieval with sodium citrate buffer (pH 6.0) (high pressure) for 2 minutes. The tissues were blocked in 1% BSA for 20 minutes at room temperature, washed with ddH2O and PBS, and then probed with the primary antibody (ET1702-77) at 1/1,000 dilution for 1 hour at room temperature. The detection was performed using an HRP conjugated compact polymer system. DAB was used as the chromogen. Tissues were counterstained with hematoxylin and mounted with DPX.
Immunohistochemical analysis of paraffin-embedded rat stomach tissue with Rabbit anti-DNMT1 antibody (ET1702-77) at 1/200 dilution.
The section was pre-treated using heat mediated antigen retrieval with sodium citrate buffer (pH 6.0) (high pressure) for 2 minutes. The tissues were blocked in 1% BSA for 20 minutes at room temperature, washed with ddH2O and PBS, and then probed with the primary antibody (ET1702-77) at 1/200 dilution for 1 hour at room temperature. The detection was performed using an HRP conjugated compact polymer system. DAB was used as the chromogen. Tissues were counterstained with hematoxylin and mounted with DPX.
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