PKD2 (protein kinase D2), also known as PRKD2 or HSPC187, is a widely expressed protein belonging to the protein kinase D (PKD) family of serine/threonine kinases. In mammals, there are three members of the PKD family, namely PKC µ, PKD2 and PKC n, and each contain a homologous catalytic domain but differ in their tissue expression and subcellular localization. PKD family members are activated by G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and are known to participate in biological processes such as proliferation, apoptosis, migration, signal transduction and vesicle shedding. Shuttling between the nucleus and the cytoplasm, PKD2 contains one PH domain, one protein kinase domain and two phorbol-ester/DAG-type zinc fingers, and functions as a calcium-independent, phospholipid-dependent protein kinase. Upon activation of CCK-BR, PKD2 is phosphorylated by casein kinase I isoforms and subsequently accumulates in the nucleus. The result of the nuclear accumulation of PKD2 is the transcriptional activation of Nur77 and the nuclear exclusion of HDAC7. This suggests that PKD2 mediates CCK-BR-induced transcriptional activation.
Background References
1. Mihailovic T et al. Protein kinase D2 mediates activation of nuclear factor kappaB by Bcr-Abl in Bcr-Abl+ human myeloid leukemia cells. Cancer Res 64:8939-8944 (2004).
2. Yeaman C et al. Protein kinase D regulates basolateral membrane protein exit from trans-Golgi network. Nat Cell Biol 6:106-112 (2004).
Sequence Similarity
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. CAMK Ser/Thr protein kinase family. PKD subfamily.
Tissue Specificity
Widely expressed.
Post-translational Modification
Phosphorylation of Ser-876 correlates with the activation status of the kinase. Ser-706 or/and Ser-710 are probably phosphorylated by PKC. Phosphorylation at Ser-244 by CSNK1D and CSNK1E promotes nuclear localization and substrate targeting. Phosphorylation at Ser-244, Ser-706 and Ser-710 is required for nuclear localization. Phosphorylated at Tyr-438 by ABL1 in response to oxidative stress. Phosphorylated at Tyr-717 by ABL1 specifically in response to oxidative stress; requires prior phosphorylation at Ser-706 or/and Ser-710.
Western blot analysis of Protein Kinase D2 on different lysates with Rabbit anti-Protein Kinase D2 antibody (ET7106-87) at 1/1,000 dilution.
Lane 1: HAP1-parental cell lysate Lane 2: HAP1-Protein Kinase D2 KD cell lysate
Lysates/proteins at 10 µg/Lane.
Predicted band size: 97 kDa Observed band size: 105 kDa
Exposure time: 120 seconds; ECL: K1801;
4-20% SDS-PAGE gel.
Proteins were transferred to a PVDF membrane and blocked with 5% NFDM/TBST for 1 hour at room temperature. The primary antibody (ET7106-87) at 1/1,000 dilution was used in K1803 at 4℃ overnight. Goat Anti-Rabbit IgG - HRP Secondary Antibody (HA1001) at 1/50,000 dilution was used for 1 hour at room temperature.
ICC staining of Protein Kinase D2 in SH-SY5Y cells (green). Formalin fixed cells were permeabilized with 0.1% Triton X-100 in TBS for 10 minutes at room temperature and blocked with 1% Blocker BSA for 15 minutes at room temperature. Cells were probed with the primary antibody (ET7106-87, 1/50) for 1 hour at room temperature, washed with PBS. Alexa Fluor®488 Goat anti-Rabbit IgG was used as the secondary antibody at 1/1,000 dilution. The nuclear counter stain is DAPI (blue).
ICC staining of Protein Kinase D2 in A549 cells (green). Formalin fixed cells were permeabilized with 0.1% Triton X-100 in TBS for 10 minutes at room temperature and blocked with 1% Blocker BSA for 15 minutes at room temperature. Cells were probed with the primary antibody (ET7106-87, 1/50) for 1 hour at room temperature, washed with PBS. Alexa Fluor®488 Goat anti-Rabbit IgG was used as the secondary antibody at 1/1,000 dilution. The nuclear counter stain is DAPI (blue).
Immunohistochemical analysis of paraffin-embedded human tonsil tissue using anti-Protein Kinase D2 antibody. The section was pre-treated using heat mediated antigen retrieval with Tris-EDTA buffer (pH 8.0-8.4) for 20 minutes.The tissues were blocked in 5% BSA for 30 minutes at room temperature, washed with ddH2O and PBS, and then probed with the primary antibody (ET7106-87, 1/50) for 30 minutes at room temperature. The detection was performed using an HRP conjugated compact polymer system. DAB was used as the chromogen. Tissues were counterstained with hematoxylin and mounted with DPX.
Flow cytometric analysis of Protein Kinase D2 was done on SH-SY5Y cells. The cells were fixed, permeabilized and stained with the primary antibody (ET7106-87, 1/50) (red). After incubation of the primary antibody at room temperature for an hour, the cells were stained with a Alexa Fluor 488-conjugated Goat anti-Rabbit IgG Secondary antibody at 1/1000 dilution for 30 minutes.Unlabelled sample was used as a control (cells without incubation with primary antibody; black).
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