L-Lactyl-alpha Tubulin (K40) Rabbit Polyclonal Antibody

Function

The cytoskeleton consists of three types of cytosolic fibers: microtubules, microfilaments (actin filaments), and intermediate filaments. Globular tubulin subunits comprise the microtubule building block, with α/β-tubulin heterodimers forming the tubulin subunit common to all eukaryotic cells. Acetylation of alpha chains at Lys-40 stabilizes microtubules and affects affinity and processivity of microtubule motors. This modification has a role in multiple cellular functions, ranging from cell motility, cell cycle progression or cell differentiation to intracellular trafficking and signaling.

Background References

1. "C-terminal fragments of alpha- and beta-tubulin form amyloid fibrils in vitro and associate with amyloid deposits of familial cerebral amyloid angiopathy, British type." Baumann M.H., Wisniewski T., Levy E., Plant G.T., Ghiso J. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 219:238-242(1996)

2. "Tubulin polyglutamylase enzymes are members of the TTL domain protein family." Janke C., Rogowski K., Wloga D., Regnard C., Kajava A.V., Strub J.-M., Temurak N., van Dijk J., Boucher D., van Dorsselaer A., Suryavanshi S., Gaertig J., Edde B. Science 308:1758-1762(2005)

3. "Evolutionary divergence of enzymatic mechanisms for posttranslational polyglycylation." Rogowski K., Juge F., van Dijk J., Wloga D., Strub J.-M., Levilliers N., Thomas D., Bre M.-H., Van Dorsselaer A., Gaertig J., Janke C. Cell 137:1076-1087(2009)

Sequence Similarity

Belongs to the tubulin family.

Post-translational Modification

Some glutamate residues at the C-terminus are polyglutamylated, resulting in polyglutamate chains on the gamma-carboxyl group. Polyglutamylation plays a key role in microtubule severing by spastin (SPAST). SPAST preferentially recognizes and acts on microtubules decorated with short polyglutamate tails: severing activity by SPAST increases as the number of glutamates per tubulin rises from one to eight, but decreases beyond this glutamylation threshold.; Some glutamate residues at the C-terminus are monoglycylated but not polyglycylated due to the absence of functional TTLL10 in human. Monoglycylation is mainly limited to tubulin incorporated into axonemes (cilia and flagella). Both polyglutamylation and monoglycylation can coexist on the same protein on adjacent residues, and lowering glycylation levels increases polyglutamylation, and reciprocally. The precise function of monoglycylation is still unclear (Probable).; Acetylation of alpha chains at Lys-40 is located inside the microtubule lumen. This modification has been correlated with increased microtubule stability, intracellular transport and ciliary assembly.; Methylation of alpha chains at Lys-40 is found in mitotic microtubules and is required for normal mitosis and cytokinesis contributing to genomic stability.

Subcellular Location

Cytoplasm, Cytoskeleton, Microtubule.

UNIPROT

SwissProt: P68366 Human

SwissProt: P68368 Mouse

SwissProt: Q5XIF6 Rat

Synonyms

TUBA1 antibody

TUBA1A antibody

TUBA2 antibody

TUBA3 antibody

TUBA3C antibody

TUBA4A antibody

Tubulin, alpha 1a antibody

Tubulin, alpha 3c antibody

Tubulin, alpha 4a antibody