The nuclear protein in testis gene encodes a 1,132-amino acid protein termed NUT that is expressed almost exclusively in the testes, ovaries, and ciliary ganglion (i.e. a parasympathetic ganglion of nerve cells located just behind the eye). NUT protein facilitates the acetylation of chromatin by histone acetyltransferase EP300 in testicular spermatids (cells that mature into sperms). This acetylation is a form of chromatin remodeling which compacts spermatid chromatin, a critical step required for the normal conduct of spermatogenesis, i.e. the maturation of spermatids into sperm. Male mice that lacked the mouse Nutm1 gene using a gene knockout method had abnormally small testes, lacked sperm in their cauda epididymis, and were completely sterile. These findings indicate that Nutm1 gene is essential for the development of normal fertility in male mice and suggest that the NUTM1 gene may play a similar role in men. BRD4 protein recognizes acetylated lysine residues on proteins and by doing so participates in the regulation of DNA replication, DNA transcription, and thereby key cellular processes involved in the development of neoplasms (i.e. malignant or benign tissue growths). The product of the BRD4-NUTM1 fusion gene, BRD4-NUT protein, stimulates the expression of at least 4 relevant genes, MYC, TP63, SOX2, and MYB in cultured cells. All four of these genes are oncogenes, i.e., genes that when overexpressed and/or overly active promote the development of certain types of cancers. It is generally accepted that the BRD4-NUT protein promotes these neoplasms by maintaining their neoplastic cells in a perpetually undifferentiated, proliferative state. Further studies are needed to confirm and expand these views and to determine if any of the overexpressed gene products of the BRD4-NUT protein contribute to the development and/or progression, or can serve as targets for the treatment, of the neoplasms associated with the BRD4-NUTM1 fusion gene. These questions also apply to a wide range of neoplasms that have more recently been associated with the NUTM1 gene fused to other genes.
Western blot analysis of Nutm1 on mouse testis tissue lysates with Rabbit anti-Nutm1 antibody (HA721690) at 1/2,000 dilution.
Lysates/proteins at 40 µg/Lane.
Predicted band size: 120 kDa Observed band size: 120 kDa
Exposure time: 2 minutes 18 seconds;
4-20% SDS-PAGE gel.
Proteins were transferred to a PVDF membrane and blocked with 5% NFDM/TBST for 1 hour at room temperature. The primary antibody (HA721690) at 1/2,000 dilution was used in 5% NFDM/TBST at 4℃ overnight. Goat Anti-Rabbit IgG - HRP Secondary Antibody (HA1001) at 1/50,000 dilution was used for 1 hour at room temperature.
☑ Cell treatment (CT)
Immunocytochemistry analysis of 293T transfected with or without mouse Nutm1 cells labeling Nutm1 with Rabbit anti-Nutm1 antibody (HA721690) at 1/500 dilution.
Cells were fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde for 20 minutes at room temperature, permeabilized with 0.1% Triton X-100 in PBS for 5 minutes at room temperature, then blocked with 1% BSA in 10% negative goat serum for 1 hour at room temperature. Cells were then incubated with Rabbit anti-Nutm1 antibody (HA721690) at 1/500 dilution in 1% BSA in PBST overnight at 4 ℃. Goat Anti-Rabbit IgG H&L (iFluor™ 488, HA1121) was used as the secondary antibody at 1/1,000 dilution. PBS instead of the primary antibody was used as the secondary antibody only control. Nuclear DNA was labelled in blue with DAPI.
Beta tubulin (M1305-2, red) was stained at 1/100 dilution overnight at +4℃. Goat Anti-Mouse IgG H&L (iFluor™ 594, HA1126) was used as the secondary antibody at 1/1,000 dilution.
☑ Cell treatment (CT)
Immunocytochemistry analysis of 293T transfected with or without human Nutm1 cells labeling Nutm1 with Rabbit anti-Nutm1 antibody (HA721690) at 1/500 dilution.
Cells were fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde for 20 minutes at room temperature, permeabilized with 0.1% Triton X-100 in PBS for 5 minutes at room temperature, then blocked with 1% BSA in 10% negative goat serum for 1 hour at room temperature. Cells were then incubated with Rabbit anti-Nutm1 antibody (HA721690) at 1/500 dilution in 1% BSA in PBST overnight at 4 ℃. Goat Anti-Rabbit IgG H&L (iFluor™ 488, HA1121) was used as the secondary antibody at 1/1,000 dilution. PBS instead of the primary antibody was used as the secondary antibody only control. Nuclear DNA was labelled in blue with DAPI.
Beta tubulin (M1305-2, red) was stained at 1/100 dilution overnight at +4℃. Goat Anti-Mouse IgG H&L (iFluor™ 594, HA1126) was used as the secondary antibody at 1/1,000 dilution.
Immunohistochemical analysis of paraffin-embedded human testis tissue with Rabbit anti-Nutm1 antibody (HA721690) at 1/1,000 dilution.
The section was pre-treated using heat mediated antigen retrieval with sodium citrate buffer (pH 6.0) (high pressure) for 2 minutes. The tissues were blocked in 1% BSA for 20 minutes at room temperature, washed with ddH2O and PBS, and then probed with the primary antibody (HA721690) at 1/1,000 dilution for 1 hour at room temperature. The detection was performed using an HRP conjugated compact polymer system. DAB was used as the chromogen. Tissues were counterstained with hematoxylin and mounted with DPX.
Immunohistochemical analysis of paraffin-embedded mouse testis tissue with Rabbit anti-Nutm1 antibody (HA721690) at 1/1,000 dilution.
The section was pre-treated using heat mediated antigen retrieval with sodium citrate buffer (pH 6.0) (high pressure) for 2 minutes. The tissues were blocked in 1% BSA for 20 minutes at room temperature, washed with ddH2O and PBS, and then probed with the primary antibody (HA721690) at 1/1,000 dilution for 1 hour at room temperature. The detection was performed using an HRP conjugated compact polymer system. DAB was used as the chromogen. Tissues were counterstained with hematoxylin and mounted with DPX.
Immunohistochemical analysis of paraffin-embedded rat testis tissue with Rabbit anti-Nutm1 antibody (HA721690) at 1/20,000 dilution.
The section was pre-treated using heat mediated antigen retrieval with sodium citrate buffer (pH 6.0) (high pressure) for 2 minutes. The tissues were blocked in 1% BSA for 20 minutes at room temperature, washed with ddH2O and PBS, and then probed with the primary antibody (HA721690) at 1/20,000 dilution for 1 hour at room temperature. The detection was performed using an HRP conjugated compact polymer system. DAB was used as the chromogen. Tissues were counterstained with hematoxylin and mounted with DPX.
Immunofluorescence analysis of paraffin-embedded human testis tissue labeling Nutm1 with Rabbit anti-Nutm1 antibody (HA721690) at 1/200 dilution.
The section was pre-treated using heat mediated antigen retrieval with sodium citrate buffer (pH 6.0) (high pressure) for 2 minutes. The tissues were blocked in 10% negative goat serum for 1 hour at room temperature, washed with PBS, and then probed with the primary antibody (HA721690, green) at 1/200 dilution overnight at 4 ℃, washed with PBS. Goat Anti-Rabbit IgG H&L (iFluor™ 488, HA1121) was used as the secondary antibody at 1/1,000 dilution. Nuclei were counterstained with DAPI (blue).
Immunofluorescence analysis of paraffin-embedded mouse testis tissue labeling Nutm1 with Rabbit anti-Nutm1 antibody (HA721690) at 1/800 dilution.
The section was pre-treated using heat mediated antigen retrieval with sodium citrate buffer (pH 6.0) (high pressure) for 2 minutes. The tissues were blocked in 10% negative goat serum for 1 hour at room temperature, washed with PBS, and then probed with the primary antibody (HA721690, green) at 1/800 dilution overnight at 4 ℃, washed with PBS. Goat Anti-Rabbit IgG H&L (iFluor™ 488, HA1121) was used as the secondary antibody at 1/1,000 dilution. Nuclei were counterstained with DAPI (blue).
Immunofluorescence analysis of paraffin-embedded rat testis tissue labeling Nutm1 with Rabbit anti-Nutm1 antibody (HA721690) at 1/200 dilution.
The section was pre-treated using heat mediated antigen retrieval with sodium citrate buffer (pH 6.0) (high pressure) for 2 minutes. The tissues were blocked in 10% negative goat serum for 1 hour at room temperature, washed with PBS, and then probed with the primary antibody (HA721690, green) at 1/200 dilution overnight at 4 ℃, washed with PBS. Goat Anti-Rabbit IgG H&L (iFluor™ 488, HA1121) was used as the secondary antibody at 1/1,000 dilution. Nuclei were counterstained with DAPI (blue).
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