alpha-2-HS-glycoprotein (AHSG, Alpha-2-Heremans-Schmid Glycoprotein) also known as fetuin-A is a protein that in humans is encoded by the AHSG gene. Fetuin-A belongs to the fetuin class of plasma binding proteins and is more abundant in fetal than adult blood. Alpha2-HS glycoprotein, a glycoprotein present in the serum, is synthesized by hepatocytes and adipocytes. The AHSG molecule consists of two polypeptide chains, which are both cleaved from a proprotein encoded from a single mRNA. It is involved in several functions, such as endocytosis, brain development and the formation of bone tissue. The protein is commonly present in the cortical plate of the immature cerebral cortex and bone marrow hemopoietic matrix, and it has therefore been postulated that it participates in the development of the tissues. However, its exact significance is still obscure. The choroid plexus is an established extrahepatic expression site. The mature circulating AHSG molecule consists of two polypeptide chains, which are both cleaved from a proprotein encoded from a single mRNA. Multiple post-translational modifications have been reported. Thus AHSG is a secreted partially phosphorylated glycoprotein with complex proteolytic processing that circulates in blood and extracellular fluids. In the test tube AHSG can bind multiple ligands and therefore has been claimed to be involved in several functions, such as endocytosis, brain development and the formation of bone tissue. Most of these functions await confirmation in vivo.
Background References
1. Zhao P et al. Fetuin-A alleviates neuroinflammation against traumatic brain injury-induced microglial necroptosis by regulating Nrf-2/HO-1 pathway. J Neuroinflammation. 2022 Nov
2. Chekol Abebe E et al. Role of Fetuin-A in the Pathogenesis of Psoriasis and Its Potential Clinical Applications. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol. 2022 Apr
Proteins were transferred to a PVDF membrane and blocked with 5% NFDM/TBST for 1 hour at room temperature. The primary antibody (HA724121) at 1/20,000 dilution was used in primary antibody dilution (K1803) at 4℃ overnight. Goat Anti-Rabbit IgG - HRP Secondary Antibody (HA1001) at 1/50,000 dilution was used for 1 hour at room temperature.
Immunocytochemistry analysis of HepG2 cells labeling Fetuin A with Rabbit anti-Fetuin A antibody (HA724121) at 1/200 dilution.
Cells were fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde for 15 minutes at room temperature, permeabilized with 0.1% Triton X-100 in PBS for 15 minutes at room temperature, then blocked with 1% BSA in 10% negative goat serum for 1 hour at room temperature. Cells were then incubated with Rabbit anti-Fetuin A antibody (HA724121) at 1/200 dilution in 1% BSA in PBST overnight at 4 ℃. Goat Anti-Rabbit IgG H&L (iFluor™ 488, HA1121) was used as the secondary antibody at 1/1,000 dilution. PBS instead of the primary antibody was used as the secondary antibody only control. Nuclear DNA was labelled in blue with DAPI.
Beta tubulin (HA601187, red) was stained at 1/100 dilution overnight at +4℃. Goat Anti-Mouse IgG H&L (iFluor™ 594, HA1126) was used as the secondary antibody at 1/1,000 dilution.
Flow cytometric analysis of HepG2 cells labeling Fetuin A.
Cells were fixed and permeabilized. Then stained with the primary antibody (HA724121, 1/1,000) (red) compared with Rabbit IgG Isotype Control (green). After incubation of the primary antibody at +4℃ for an hour, the cells were stained with a iFluor™ 488 conjugate-Goat anti-Rabbit IgG Secondary antibody (HA1121) at 1/1,000 dilution for 30 minutes at +4℃. Unlabelled sample was used as a control (cells without incubation with primary antibody; black).
Fetuin A was immunoprecipitated from 0.2 mg HepG2 cell lysate with HA724121 at 2 µg/10 µl beads. Western blot was performed from the immunoprecipitate using HA724121 at 1/5,000 dilution. HRP Conjugated Anti-Rabbit IgG for IP Nano-secondary antibody at 1/5,000 dilution was used for 1 hour at room temperature.
Lane 1: HepG2 cell lysate (input) Lane 2: HA724121 IP in HepG2 cell lysate Lane 3: Rabbit IgG instead of HA724121 in HepG2 cell lysate
Western blot analysis of Fetuin A on different lysates with Rabbit anti-Fetuin A antibody (HA724121) at 1/100,000 dilution.
Lane 1: Human plasma lysate Lane 2: Human plasma lysate treated with deglycosylation
Lysates/proteins at 40 µg/Lane.
Predicted band size: 39 kDa Observed band size: 35-55 kDa
Exposure time: 4 seconds; ECL: K1801;
4-20% SDS-PAGE gel.
Proteins were transferred to a PVDF membrane and blocked with 5% NFDM/TBST for 1 hour at room temperature. The primary antibody (HA724121) at 1/100,000 dilution was used in primary antibody dilution (K1803) at 4℃ overnight. Goat Anti-Rabbit IgG - HRP Secondary Antibody (HA1001) at 1/50,000 dilution was used for 1 hour at room temperature.
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