ESD (esterase D) is also known as S-formylglutathione hydrolase and is a 282 amino acid protein that is a member of the esterase D family. ESD is highly expressed in placenta, kidney, liver and erythrocytes, and is localized to the cytoplasm, as well as to cytoplasmic vesicles. The main function of ESD is to detoxify formaldehyde while providing energy. Formaldehyde is oxidized by ADH5 which yields S-formylglutathione. ESD then catalyzes the hydrolysis of S-formylglutathione to the reduced forms of formic acid and glutathione. In addition, ESD hydrolyzes a variety of different neutral ester substrates and can act as a carboxylesterase. ESD may also act as a cysteine hydrolase which is inactivated by thiol alkylating agents. ESD gene polymorphism can lead to reduced enzymatic activity which may cause susceptibility to many conditions, including toxic liver cirrhosis, retinoblastoma, obesity and autism.
Background References
1. Li W et al. Esterase D enhances type I interferon signal transduction to suppress foot-and-mouth disease virus replication. Mol Immunol 75:112-21 (2016).
2. Kaźmierczak M et al. Esterase D and gamma 1 actin level might predict results of induction therapy in patients with acute myeloid leukemia without and with maturation. Med Oncol 30(4):725 (2013).
Proteins were transferred to a PVDF membrane and blocked with 5% NFDM/TBST for 1 hour at room temperature. The primary antibody (M1510-1) at 1/1,000 dilution was used in 5% NFDM/TBST at 4℃ overnight. Goat Anti-Mouse IgG - HRP Secondary Antibody (HA1006) at 1/50,000 dilution was used for 1 hour at room temperature.
Western blot analysis of ESD on different lysates with Mouse anti-ESD antibody (M1510-1) at 1/2,000 dilution.
Lane 1: Human kidney tissue lysate Lane 2: Mouse kidney tissue lysate Lane 3: Mouse colon tissue lysate Lane 4: Mouse stomach tissue lysate Lane 5: Rat kidney tissue lysate Lane 6: Rat colon tissue lysate Lane 7: Rat stomach tissue lysate
Lysates/proteins at 20 µg/Lane.
Predicted band size: 31 kDa Observed band size: 31 kDa
Proteins were transferred to a PVDF membrane and blocked with 5% NFDM/TBST for 1 hour at room temperature. The primary antibody (M1510-1) at 1/2,000 dilution was used in 5% NFDM/TBST at 4℃ overnight. Goat Anti-Mouse IgG - HRP Secondary Antibody (HA1006) at 1/50,000 dilution was used for 1 hour at room temperature.
☑ Knockdown (KD)
Western blot analysis of ESD on different lysates with Mouse anti-ESD antibody (M1510-1) at 1/20,000 dilution.
Lane 1: HAP1-parental cell lysate Lane 2: HAP1-ESD KD cell lysate
Lysates/proteins at 10 µg/Lane.
Predicted band size: 31 kDa Observed band size: 31 kDa
Exposure time: 8 seconds; ECL: K1801;
4-20% SDS-PAGE gel.
Proteins were transferred to a PVDF membrane and blocked with 5% NFDM/TBST for 1 hour at room temperature. The primary antibody (M1510-1) at 1/20,000 dilution was used in K1803 at 4℃ overnight. Goat Anti-Mouse IgG - HRP Secondary Antibody (HA1006) at 1/50,000 dilution was used for 1 hour at room temperature.
ICC staining ESD in Hela cells (green). Formalin fixed cells were permeabilized with 0.1% Triton X-100 in TBS for 10 minutes at room temperature and blocked with 1% Blocker BSA for 15 minutes at room temperature. Cells were probed with ESD monoclonal antibody at a dilution of 1:100 for 1 hour at room temperature, washed with PBS. Alexa Fluorc™ 488 Goat anti-Mouse IgG was used as the secondary antibody at 1/100 dilution. The nuclear counter stain is DAPI (blue).
ICC staining ESD in HepG2 cells (green). Formalin fixed cells were permeabilized with 0.1% Triton X-100 in TBS for 10 minutes at room temperature and blocked with 1% Blocker BSA for 15 minutes at room temperature. Cells were probed with ESD monoclonal antibody at a dilution of 1:100 for 1 hour at room temperature, washed with PBS. Alexa Fluorc™ 488 Goat anti-Mouse IgG was used as the secondary antibody at 1/100 dilution. The nuclear counter stain is DAPI (blue).
ICC staining ESD in SW480 cells (green). Formalin fixed cells were permeabilized with 0.1% Triton X-100 in TBS for 10 minutes at room temperature and blocked with 1% Blocker BSA for 15 minutes at room temperature. Cells were probed with ESD monoclonal antibody at a dilution of 1:100 for 1 hour at room temperature, washed with PBS. Alexa Fluorc™ 488 Goat anti-Mouse IgG was used as the secondary antibody at 1/100 dilution. The nuclear counter stain is DAPI (blue).
Immunohistochemical analysis of paraffin-embedded human tonsil tissue using anti-ESD antibody. The section was pre-treated using heat mediated antigen retrieval with Tris-EDTA buffer (pH 8.0-8.4) for 20 minutes.The tissues were blocked in 5% BSA for 30 minutes at room temperature, washed with ddH2O and PBS, and then probed with the antibody (M1510-1) at 1/200 dilution, for 30 minutes at room temperature and detected using an HRP conjugated compact polymer system. DAB was used as the chrogen. Counter stained with hematoxylin and mounted with DPX.
Immunohistochemical analysis of paraffin-embedded human kidney tissue using anti-ESD antibody. The section was pre-treated using heat mediated antigen retrieval with Tris-EDTA buffer (pH 8.0-8.4) for 20 minutes.The tissues were blocked in 5% BSA for 30 minutes at room temperature, washed with ddH2O and PBS, and then probed with the antibody (M1510-1) at 1/100 dilution, for 30 minutes at room temperature and detected using an HRP conjugated compact polymer system. DAB was used as the chrogen. Counter stained with hematoxylin and mounted with DPX.
Flow cytometric analysis of ESD was done on Jurkat cells. The cells were fixed, permeabilized and stained with ESD antibody at 1/100 dilution (red) compared with an unlabelled control (cells without incubation with primary antibody; black). After incubation of the primary antibody on room temperature for an hour, the cells was stained with a Alexa Fluor™ 488-conjugated goat anti-mouse IgG Secondary antibody at 1/500 dilution.
Please note: All products are "FOR RESEARCH USE ONLY AND ARE NOT INTENDED FOR DIAGNOSTIC OR THERAPEUTIC USE"