The TLR family of proteins are characterized by a highly conserved Toll homology (TH) domain, which is essential for Toll-induced signal transduction. TLR1, as well as the other TLR family members, are type I transmembrane receptors that characteristically contain an extracellular domain consisting of several leucine-rich regions along with a single cytoplasmic Toll/IL-1R-like domain. TLR2 and TLR4 are activated in response to lipopolysacchride (LPS) stimulation, which results in the activation and translocation of NFkB and suggests that these receptors are involved in mediating inflammatory responses. Expression of TLR receptors is highest in peripheral blood leukocytes, macrophages, and monocytes. TLR6 is highly homologous to TLR1, sharing greater than 65% sequence identity, and, like other members of TLR family, it induces NFkB signaling upon activation.
Background References
1. Alva-Murillo N et al. Sodium Octanoate Modulates the Innate Immune Response of Bovine Mammary Epithelial Cells through the TLR2/P38/JNK/ERK1/2 Pathway: Implications during Staphylococcus aureus Internalization. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 7:78 (2017).
2. Hwang SH et al. Characteristics of Human Turbinate-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells Are Not Affected by Allergic Condition of Donor. PLoS One 10:e0138041 (2015).
Sequence Similarity
Belongs to the Toll-like receptor family.
Tissue Specificity
Highly expressed in peripheral blood leukocytes, in particular in monocytes, in bone marrow, lymph node and in spleen. Also detected in lung and in fetal liver. Levels are low in other tissues.
Post-translational Modification
Glycosylation of Asn-442 is critical for secretion of the N-terminal ectodomain of TLR2.; Ubiquitinated at Lys-754 by PPP1R11, leading to its degradation. Deubiquitinated by USP2 (By similarity).
Western blot analysis of TLR2 on different lysates with Rabbit anti-TLR2 antibody (ET1705-92) at 1/1,000 dilution.
Lane 1: THP-1 cell lysate Lane 2: HL-60 cell lysate
Lysates/proteins at 10 µg/Lane.
Predicted band size: 90 kDa Observed band size: 80-90 kDa
Exposure time: 30 seconds; ECL: K1801;
4-20% SDS-PAGE gel.
Proteins were transferred to a PVDF membrane and blocked with 5% NFDM/TBST for 1 hour at room temperature. The primary antibody (ET1705-92) at 1/1,000 dilution was used in 5% NFDM/TBST at 4℃ overnight. Goat Anti-Rabbit IgG - HRP Secondary Antibody (HA1001) at 1/50,000 dilution was used for 1 hour at room temperature.
☑ Knockout (KO)
All lanes: Western blot analysis of TLR2 with anti-TLR2 antibody [JM22-41] (ET1705-92) at 1/500 dilution.
Lane 1: Wild-type THP-1 whole cell lysate. Lane 2: TLR2 knockout THP-1 whole cell lysate.
ET1705-92 was shown to specifically react with TLR2 in wild-type THP-1 cells. No band was observed when TLR2 knockout samples were tested. Wild-type and TLR2 knockout samples were subjected to SDS-PAGE. Proteins were transferred to a PVDF membrane and blocked with 5% NFDM in TBST for 1 hour at room temperature. The primary Anti-TLR2 antibody (ET1705-92, 1/500) and Anti-β-actin antibody (R1207-1, 1/1,000) were used in 5% BSA at room temperature for 2 hours. Goat Anti-Rabbit IgG H&L (HRP) Secondary Antibody (HA1001) at 1:200,000 dilution was used for 1 hour at room temperature.
Cell lysate was provided by Ubigene Biosciences (Ubigene Biosciences Co., Ltd., Guangzhou, China).
Immunocytochemistry analysis of THP-1 cells labeling TLR2 with Rabbit anti-TLR2 antibody (ET1705-92) at 1/100 dilution.
Cells were fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde for 20 minutes at room temperature, permeabilized with 0.1% Triton X-100 in PBS for 5 minutes at room temperature, then blocked with 1% BSA in 10% negative goat serum for 1 hour at room temperature. Cells were then incubated with Rabbit anti-TLR2 antibody (ET1705-92) at 1/100 dilution in 1% BSA in PBST overnight at 4 ℃. Goat Anti-Rabbit IgG H&L (iFluor™ 488, HA1121) was used as the secondary antibody at 1/1,000 dilution. PBS instead of the primary antibody was used as the secondary antibody only control. Nuclear DNA was labelled in blue with DAPI.
Beta tubulin (M1305-2, red) was stained at 1/100 dilution overnight at +4℃. Goat Anti-Mouse IgG H&L (iFluor™ 594, HA1126) was used as the secondary antibody at 1/1,000 dilution.
Flow cytometric analysis of TLR2 was done on THP-1 cells. The cells were fixed, permeabilized and stained with the primary antibody (ET1705-92, 1/50) (red). After incubation of the primary antibody at room temperature for an hour, the cells were stained with a Alexa Fluor 488-conjugated Goat anti-Rabbit IgG Secondary antibody at 1/1000 dilution for 30 minutes.Unlabelled sample was used as a control (cells without incubation with primary antibody; black).
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