Interferon gamma (IFN-γ) is a dimerized soluble cytokine that is the only member of the type II class of interferons. In humans, the IFN-γ protein is encoded by the IFNG gene. IFN-γ, or type II interferon, is a cytokine that is critical for innate and adaptive immunity against viral, some bacterial and protozoan infections. IFN-γ is an important activator of macrophages and inducer of major histocompatibility complex class II molecule expression. Aberrant IFN-γ expression is associated with a number of autoinflammatory and autoimmune diseases. The importance of IFN-γ in the immune system stems in part from its ability to inhibit viral replication directly, and most importantly from its immunostimulatory and immunomodulatory effects. IFN-γ is produced predominantly by natural killer cells (NK) and natural killer T cells (NKT) as part of the innate immune response, and by CD4 Th1 and CD8 cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) effector T cells once antigen-specific immunity develops as part of the adaptive immune response. IFN-γ is also produced by non-cytotoxic innate lymphoid cells (ILC), a family of immune cells first discovered in the early 2010s.
Background References
1. Kaewkangsadan V et al. Crucial Contributions by T Lymphocytes (Effector, Regulatory, and Checkpoint Inhibitor) and Cytokines (TH1, TH2, and TH17) to a Pathological Complete Response Induced by Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy in Women with Breast Cancer. J Immunol Res 2016:4757405 (2016).
2. Srivastava SP et al. Effect of Antifibrotic MicroRNAs Crosstalk on the Action of N-acetyl-seryl-aspartyl-lysyl-proline in Diabetes-related Kidney Fibrosis. Sci Rep 6:29884 (2016).
Sequence Similarity
Belongs to the type II (or gamma) interferon family.
Tissue Specificity
Released primarily from activated T lymphocytes.
Post-translational Modification
Proteolytic processing produces C-terminal heterogeneity, with proteins ending alternatively at Gly-150, Met-157 or Gly-161.
Western blot analysis of Interferon gamma on different lysates with Rabbit anti-Interferon gamma antibody (ET1703-17) at 1/1,000 dilution.
Lane 1: Human IFN-gamma recombinant protein, 50ng/Lane Lane 2: Mouse IFN-gamma recombinant protein, 50ng/Lane Lane 3: Rat IFN-gamma recombinant protein, 50ng/Lane
Exposure time: 3 minutes;
4-20% SDS-PAGE gel.
Proteins were transferred to a PVDF membrane and blocked with 5% NFDM/TBST for 1 hour at room temperature. The primary antibody (ET1703-17) at 1/1,000 dilution was used in 5% NFDM/TBST at room temperature for 2 hours. Goat Anti-Rabbit IgG - HRP Secondary Antibody (HA1001) at 1:50,000 dilution was used for 1 hour at room temperature.
Flow cytometric analysis of Interferon gamma was done on Jurkat cells. The cells were fixed, permeabilized and stained with the primary antibody (ET1703-17, 1/50) (red). After incubation of the primary antibody at room temperature for an hour, the cells were stained with a Alexa Fluor 488-conjugated Goat anti-Rabbit IgG Secondary antibody at 1/1,000 dilution for 30 minutes.Unlabelled sample was used as a control (cells without incubation with primary antibody; black).
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